Parking on Campus :: essays research papers

Stopping nearby needs improving. Understudies entering the college are permitted to have a vehicle nearby. With each new first year recruits class entering stopping forces an issue nearby. The grounds is as of now restricted in its leaving nearby and since first year recruits are permitted to have vehicles, the understudies before them are confronted with the difficulty of what number of new green beans will carry a vehicle to class. Â Â Â Â Â Parking by the quarters is practically unthinkable. Understudies who live at specific quarters wind up confronted with the issue of stopping on the opposite side of grounds. The individuals who live in Brown Hall, which is behind the Thompson place, have the most stopping issues nearby. This is on the grounds that the Thompson place is a huge structure lodging different offices nearby. In this manner it gets a great deal of traffic throughout the day. Guests to the grounds are assuming control over the parking areas around the Thompson community, which is constraining understudies to stop different places nearby and a few understudies decided to dismiss the signs posted for saved stopping. Â Â Â Â Â There should be extra stopping nearby made for those meeting the grounds and furthermore for understudies, staff as of now has held stopping; anyway the restricted measure of stopping nearby is constraining understudies and guests to saved personnel parts. Our school is restricted in subsidizing for specific ventures such adding extra stopping to take care of the stopping issue nearby. The understudy body should assume liability for the raising of these assets to fabricate extra stopping nearby. The rising sophomore class ought to sort out gathering pledges occasions to fabricate extra stopping nearby.

Slavery and movents to end it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Subjection and movents to end it - Essay Example In any case, the most prospering abolitionist bondage development around then was the abolitionism development. The fundamental target of abolitionism was to drastically free all slaves in the nation and to end isolation and separation that was uncontrolled in the American culture at that point (Filler 1833). The extreme idea of abolitionism recognized the development from different developments of its verifiable period. Abolitionism development was additionally energized by strict commitment in the subsequent incredible arousing. The movement’s prominence along these lines pulled in opposing and comparative suppositions from various researchers. The creators, Douglass, Pessen, and Thoreau held comparable conclusion on the need of radical change in closure bondage in the United States of America. In his composition, Frederick Douglass underlined the requirement for quick and radical activity to end bondage and prejudice in the state. He offered an unstoppable voice of would like to bondage in his composition. In his talk, Frederick likewise discussed the need to grasp abolitionist subjugation legislative issues in the nation. In his works, Pessen discussed the need to battle for equity of the whole American populace. He denounced the shameful glorification of man using incorrect data. During the abolitionism development, Pessen examined how the oppressed ladies and dark Americans were abused by the administration and different proprietors of the methods for creation (David 177). Henry David Thoreau underlined the requirement for common resistance in the battle for the privileges of the subjugated minorities and ladies in the general public. He was once detained for violating the law by declining to dispatch charge incomes. Plainly, Douglass, Pessen, and Henry David Thoreau supported for an extreme development that would dispose of servitude and manufacture conversations for decency equity for all residents of America. These famous creators were emphatically behind the abolitionism development. The three held differing conclusions on the way in which radical

A Child Eyes View of Meth Abuse

A Child Eyes View of Meth Abuse More in Addiction Drug Use Meth Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Children in homes where methamphetamine abuse has overtaken their parents are traumatized by the experience, many times left alone and hungry for days at a time, abused, forced to get high themselves, asked to steal and lie to authorities by the hyper and delusional adults in their lives. In an effort to help kids forced into foster care by their parents meth abuse, researchers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign interviewed 18 children, ages 7-14, from 12 families who were involved with the child-welfare system. At the time of the interviews, they had been in foster care from five to 39 months, with 15.6 months the average. The aim of the study was to gather information that could help these children and others like them in the often-difficult adjustment to foster care and beyond, said Wendy Haight, a professor of social work at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and the lead researcher. We want to help foster parents understand more about what the child has gone through, said study co-author Teresa Ostler, a social work professor at Illinois who specializes in clinical psychology. A lot of it involves experiences of trauma, where the child needs huge help in putting things together and in making sense, in knowing that their feelings have reasons. Methamphetamine can have profound effects on the user, Haight said, Including extreme irritability, paranoia and heightened sexual arousal. Users can go on days-long highs, followed by days of sleep. These are adults behaving in very unpredictable, dangerous ways, and the child is there too. Meth use in parents can be particularly terrifying for children because of the rapid breakdown that occurs in parenting. Methamphetamine: Everything You’ve Been Afraid to Ask Mostly, They Miss Their Parents Despite those conditions, when the children were asked about sad or scary times, they talked first or most often about the experience of losing their parents, even months later, Haight said. Most want desperately to be with their families and feel a great deal of pain and grief over being separated from their parents. Another complication is that some of these children had taken on the role of caring for their parents, as well as younger siblings, when their parents were under the influence. One child asked who would watch over her mother when she was sick, Haight said. They also experience emotional harm from the stigma of being the children of methamphetamine users, many of whom face years in prison. Regular Family Activities Culture Shock The children often also carry a strong distrust of authority figures, passed on from their parents as a result of the criminal activity involved, sometimes reinforced by a meth-induced paranoia. Some have been actively socialized into a rural drug culture. It becomes a huge blockage to intervention in some cases, Ostler said. For children raised from an early age with their parents using methamphetamine, even routine aspects of family life, like regular meal and bedtimes, may represent culture shock, the authors said in a news release. Not Just Passive Victims .Even with what many of these children have dealt with, Haight said They are not just passive victims. Not only have they experienced these horrible situations, but they survived, and you cant help having some respect for that. They responded in a variety of ways, and were often very resourceful in the process. The researchers recommend that additional resources and services, in particular, mental health services, need to be more accessible for these children and their foster parents The Costs of Drug Use to Society

Collection of Quotations about Courage

A courageous person is one who stands tall in times of adversity, someone who follows his or her convictions despite difficult odds. You need a great deal of courage to reattempt a task after initial failure. Sometimes it can help to hear the words of other people who have gone through crises and been successful at overcoming obstacles. When problems loom large, reading some of these quotes of courage can give you renewed hope and a fresh perspective. Quotes About Courage from Athletes There may be people that have more talent than you, but theres no excuse for anyone to work harder than you do. — Derek Jeter, retired New York Yankees shortstop who won five World Series titles with the team.   It isnt the mountains ahead to climb that wear you out; its the pebble in your shoe. — Muhammad Ali, heavyweight champion boxer who defied racism and other obstacles.   Courage Quotes from Politicians Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak; courage is also what it takes to sit down and listen.—Winston Churchill It is only through labor and painful effort, by grim energy and resolute courage, that we move on to better things.— President Theodore Roosevelt Efforts and courage are not enough without purpose and direction.— President  John F. KennedyYou gain strength, courage, and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. You must do the thing which you think you cannot do. — Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady to President Fraklin Delano Roosevelt. I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.—  Nelson Mandela There are no easy answers, but there are simple answers. We must have the courage to do what we know is morally right.   Ã¢â‚¬â€Ronald Reagan Quotes about Courage from Writers History, despite its wrenching pain, cannot be unlived, but if faced with courage, need not be lived again.   Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã‚  Maya Angelou, American writer and poet who overcame a difficult childhood.   Life shrinks or expands in proportion to ones courage.   — Anais Nin It takes a lot of courage to show your dreams to someone else.  Ã¢â‚¬â€ Erma Bombeck, American writer and humorist.It is a blessed thing that in every age someone has had enough individuality and courage to stand by his own convictions.— Robert G. Ingersoll, Civil War veteran and orator Anonymous Quotes About Courage Sometimes, the most inspiring thoughts come from people whose names and identities have been lost to history. That doesnt make the sentiments any less compelling. Here are a few anonymous quotes about courage.   Courage is not defined by those who fought and did not fall, but by those who fought, fell and rose again.Each time we face our fear, we gain strength, courage, and confidence in the doing. True courage is not the absence of fear -- but the willingness to proceed in spite of it.

The Brain Development and Violence Essay - 1056 Words

The Brain Development and Violence Juanita S Farmer DeVry University Victimology Professor: Jeannine Quear What causes a person to become violent? Is a person born to be a killer or do social pressures cause a person to lash out? These are questions that scientists have been searching for answers to for decades. Though there are many theories about biological influences, there is no set rule that applies to everyone that explains what makes a person turn violent. There are three events that scientist have determine that can cause damage to the brain. I will try to show how these factors can have an influence on the brain and might lead to violent behavior, they are: head injuries, malnutrition, and exposure to chemicals or poison†¦show more content†¦Along with the cortex there is a chance that the amygdala might be damaged because of a TBI. The amygdala is located between the emotional center of the brain and the cerebral cortex, and if damaged it can cause a loss of inhibitions towards dangerous activities including violence and aggression. We all understand how being hungry ca n make us feel cranky, but does nutrition have any effect on the ability to control behaviors? According to Derrick Lonsdale, MD â€Å"high calorie malnutrition contributes to crime and violence†. In his study Crime and Violence: A Hypothetical Explanation of Its Relationship With High Calorie Malnutrition, it is stated that High calorie malnutrition can create irritable brainstem†. This irritable brainstem can increase response and in the worst scenario create temporary insanity and take over the complete behavior of the individual. (Orfano, 2002) He also addresses the fact that not only the lack of nutritious food but the lack of certain vitamins and minerals in a child’s diet might lead to an imbalance in the brain which results in aggressive and violent activities that may follow them into adulthood. Thiamin deficiency can cause irritability, magnesium help control the sensitivity to stress and a deficiency of it may promote aggressive behavior, and vitami n B12 deficiency is linked to paranoia, violence and depression. Many studies acknowledge the human risk to certain toxins such as lead, mercury,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Violence On Children s Brain Development769 Words   |  4 PagesA child who was exposed or, experienced violence suffers multiply negative physical and mental health outcomes. Violence is especially distressing for smaller children, because they spend more time with their parents. Since, smaller children rely more on their parents to protect them and make their environment safe. Violence at home creates a stressful environment and also health problems that carries on into their adulthood. Exposure to violence at home may teach a child to learn to be more aggressiveRead MoreFrom the birth, the babys brain is 25 % of adult body weight and then will be up to 66 % at the800 Words   |  4 Pagesbabys brain is 25 % of adult body weight and then will be up to 66 % at the end of the first year due to the brain gro wth development which happen between the seventh prenatal months and the first birthday of children(refer pada apa). Developing of children brain is most sensitive to the effects of experiences of violence moment in this time. The research (kajian dari sapa) on brain development shows that the exposure to the scary experience of violence will change the organization of the brain andRead MoreAnatomy Of Violence : The Biological Roots Of Crime908 Words   |  4 Pages Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime Behavioral neuroscience or biological psychology employs the principles of brain pathology to the study of human behavior through genetic, physiological, and developmental operations, as well as, the brain’s capacity to change with experience. Since the second world war, crime was largely attributed to mostly economic, political, and social factors, along with what psychologists termed at the time, the â€Å"weak character† of mental disturbance, andRead MoreFice Of National Statistics Crime Survey Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesThe Office of National Statistics Crime Survey for England and Wales (2016) reported that violence against the person offences recorded by the police rose by 24% in the latest year with the latest figures representing the highest number of violence against the person offences recorded in a 12-month period since the introduction of the National Crime Recording Standard (NCRS) in April 2002. The Offences Against the Person Act (1981) defines the violent forceful infliction of physical injury as GrievousRead MoreBehavioral Psychology And Human Behavior771 Words   |  4 Pagesneuroscience or biological psychology employs the principles of brain pathology to the study of human behavior through genetic, physiological, and developmental operations, as well as, the brain’s capacity to change with experience. Since the second world war, crime was largely attributed to mostly economic, political, and social factors, along with what psychologists termed at the time, the â€Å"weak character† of mental disturbance, and brain biology was rarely considered. However, new advances in neuroscienceRead MoreThe Brain And Its Effect On Brain Development1335 Words   |  6 Pagessex, drug abuse, and unhealthy lifestyles because of the natural sequence of our brain development. Myelination and maturation of the neurons in the brain work from the back of the brain towards the front. This is important because the prefrontal cort ex is located at the front of the brain and is responsible for problem solving, processing complex thoughts, a decision making. The limbic system is at the base of the brain and is responsible for emotions such as fear and anxiety. Therefore, the limbicRead MoreAmerican Psychological Association Defines Traumatic Event989 Words   |  4 Pages death or the physical integrity of self or others†(American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Childhood trauma is the experience of traumatic event or events which creates a substantial and long term damage to the mental and physical growth and development of a child(National Child Traumatic Stress Network, 2013). National prevalence of childhood trauma indicates trauma is a frequent occurrence in which majority of Americas have witnessed or experienced a single or multiple traumatic events beforeRead MoreThe Effects of Video Games and Violence 1169 Words   |  5 Pagescreation of violent video games or mature games, there have been con stant arguments whether or not if these games will increase violence in the player. Although, not all video games are graphic and violent in nature, some video games may promote skills such as motor coordination, learning, and creativity. Anyway, there are researches on the effects between video games and violence. The studies show concerns about the effect of violent video games on young people who play videogames extremely (too much)Read MoreAnalysis Of Wuthering Heights And The Poisonwood Bible1468 Words   |  6 PagesSimply turn on the TV, and on any news channel the viewer is sure to hear reports regarding some issue currently present in society. Most common are stories covering crime, violence, and political scandals. What does not receive as much publicity though, is the abuse and neglect inflicted on children across the country. In literature, characters that experience maltreatment as children tend to fit the â€Å"underdog† mold, for they are unable to stand against the wrongs dealt unto them until a later timeRead MoreChildhood Trauma And How The Environment Affects Their Learning1452 Words   |  6 PagesScientific research over the last 20 years has demonstrated that repeated exposure to trauma and chronic stress in early childhood can impair brain development. For my res earch I have chosen the topic: Childhood Trauma and how the environment affects their learning. Increasing the quality of service and their stability help to foster positive responsive relationships with nurturing caregivers. As children struggle it is important for us to identify environmental factors and triggers that have an

Explain the principal social perspective Free Essays

string(214) " class because they have been able to provide private tutors for their children, and it would be their fault if their children got low grade, since they were not able to provide their children with private tutors\." Functionalism is a structural (macro) perspective that suggests that our behaviour is influenced by the society is organised. They believe that the institutions have a major impact on how we behave in the society. The individuals are constrained by the society, and the functionalists views the individuals in the society as a puppets. We will write a custom essay sample on Explain the principal social perspective or any similar topic only for you Order Now Functionalists says we as an individual have little power about what we do and the institution influences us. This can be seen in society in form of laws, norms, values (norm underpins values), beliefs and relationship. This theory suggests that the individuals in the society must behave properly; otherwise, they are regarded as deviant and are punished. Functionalism believes that every part of the society are interdependent with each other, which helps society to keep going. It is almost like a human body, where different parts of the body has a function together, which keep it alive and healthy; this is called organic analogy. For instance, the family helps by bringing up the next generation about the patterns of shared and stable behaviour that are called social order. Different social institution such as, legal system, political system, health system, family system and education system work together to maintain a stable society from generation to generation. For instance, the legal system provides laws, norms that underpin values, safety, discipline and order and the health system provides free health services, family system provides help in reproduction that increases the economy. All of these institutions together to form an ‘integrated whole’ society or social structure. The major function of these social constitutions are to make individual to follow the norms that underpins values and internalize them, which leads to value consensus. According to Talcott Parson, society is based on value consensus where shared and common values and behavioural norms lead to a common culture. Consensus is an agreement in the society about the values, and have freedom, equality, justice and fairness. These values are acquired by passing down from generation to generation, through primary socialisation. These values benefit everybody equally, some the example of values that exist in our society are right for equality, justice and privacy. There are mechanism of social control in the society, like punishment and rewards. Socialisation and social control ensure that there is equilibrium in the society. The process of socialisation achieves equilibrium in the society, whereas family, religion, law and mass media, which are the agents of socialisation, are responsible for maintaining the equilibrium. The functionalist believes that the western societies are meritocratic, which means the system rewards the individual in the society based on their effort and talent and social mobility is possible in this system. They also believe that people in the society can achieve status by working hard and there is equality of opportunity in the society. Talcott Parsons proposed the functionalist approach, which considers health and illness and assumes negative definition of health. He described that illness is a form of deviance that distracts proper functioning of the society, in the same way that crime does. Ill members in the society must perform a social role where sick role consists of four elements, two of which are right and responsibilities. The rights associated with the sick role was to be excused from normal social obligation and be cared for, whereas the responsibilities were to take steps to get better and co-operating with the medical professionals such as doctors. This view suggests that ill must be cared for and must be dealt with as soon as possible in order for the society to run smoothly. 1. Marxism The founder of Marxism is Karl Marx (1818-1883), who was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist and revolutionary socialist. Marxism structural (macro) perspective, where our behaviour is determined by the way society is organised. The social institutions such as laws, rules and norms have big impact on how we behave and we are controlled by the society. Marxists believes that the society is not interdependent, instead it believes that economy is the base or infrastructure of the society, and our behaviour depends upon the economy of the society. Marxists sees the society as a system that operates to make profit for the upper class. Whereas the working class are socially engineered to conform the needs of the upper class who benefit from the societies using capitalist economic system. Capitalists exists all around the world and the economies of industrial societies in the west are based on capitalism. Marxists explains that the capitalists economies compromises two main social class; the capitalists and the workers. The upper class people were the capitalists who were regarded as powerful, whereas the workers or the labours were the lower class people and were seen as powerless puppets. The capitalists exploits the workers since they do not get recognition for what they do as get have minimum wage and make surplus profit by persuading the lower class to buy the goods by advertising. The capitalists are opposite of socialism since the capitalists control what we think and what we do, the working class people are ‘brain washed’ into accepting set of beliefs that benefits the capitalists. These messages are seen to be transmitted through the cultural institutions such as media, which are controlled by the capitalists to influence the workers. The capitalists creates the dominant values that benefits the powerful and disadvantages the powerless. For instance, the monarch claim their position as god gifted and the religion help supports their point, due to which the working class people are convinced to what have to say since they have faith in their religion. Inequality in capitalist societies still exists and is unfair but they do not recognise it because the capitalists convince them that it is their fault for not achieving what they want. For instance, the capitalists would convince working class by saying the GCSE result of upper class is higher than that of lower class because they have been able to provide private tutors for their children, and it would be their fault if their children got low grade, since they were not able to provide their children with private tutors. You read "Explain the principal social perspective" in category "Papers" Marxist believes that the definition of health and illness and the health and social care services provided to the powerless serve the interests of the powerful dominant classes. The capitalists regard people who do not produce wealth as unhealthy. Marxists believe that doctors are the example of agents that work for capitalists interests rather than those of patients so that they can go to work as soon as possible and provide the capitalists with healthy work force. The government allows the capitalists to make profit from the products that cause health issues, such as alcohol and tobacco. The industries that capitalists establish cause to pollute the atmosphere and produce toxic waste that affect the people and get ill. This approach believes that illness is related to difference in the social class. For instance, poverty-stricken areas have higher levels of illness and have lower life expectancy. According to this approach, the government do no handle this issue as this would make people ill, as this leads this money and the capitalists would make advantage of it. 1. Feminists Feminism is a range of movements and ideologies that work towards goal, which establish and achieve equal political, economic, cultural, personal and social rights for women. Feminism seeks to establish equal opportunities for women in different sectors like education and employment and supports for equal rights and equality of women. The feminists believe that gender inequality still exists in today’s society. Feminism is a perspective that believes that women are disadvantaged in the society and should have equal rights with the men. The feminists are critical of patriarchy. Patriarchy is a social system where the men hold the power and authority. The women have fought throughout the history for their rights and equality, which caused creation of waves of feminism. The first wave was observed in the mid late 19th century, campaigning for the change in rights for the women in early 20th century. They campaigned for two main strategy; right to vote and right to be educated. In 1928, the women were given the right to vote, but only rich women over 30 who owned property were allowed. The second wave of feminism was observed from 1960s, this lead to the formation of Women’s Rights Movement (WRM) and Women’s Liberation Movement (WLM). These organisations campaigned for right to equal pay act, domestic violence, sex discrimination, employment, violence services, education, family and health social care. WRM and WLM were successful in achieving their rights for Equal pay Act in (1970), Sex Discrimination Act (1975) and right to be educated and be employed. Due to variation in opinion of causes of gender inequality and solutions to it, there was formation of three types of feminism; liberal feminism, Marxist feminism and radical feminism. Liberal feminism proposed that gender inequality stills exists in the society because of social and cultural attitudes that is gained by the process of socialisation i.e. primary and secondary socialisation. Liberal feminist helped to promote equality through Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay Act. Marxist feminism explained that the capitalists to earn profit using women. They would persuade women to buy groceries such as fabric softener, so that they would spend their money and exploit them. Radical feminism explains that the society is ruled by the men, whereas the female are oppressed, exploited and are regarded as second-class citizen. It states that men exploit women by relying on free domestic labour and men may use aggression to control women in the home. Through the gender role socialisation, wo men are convinced to accept female subordination and see motherhood as a key goal in life. The feminist writers have focused male domination in the medical profession and its effects on women. They are concerned with the way in which pregnancy and childbirth have been regarded as a medical issue rather than as natural process. Feminist writers have protested on the way which the medical professions and related pharmaceutical industries have given low priority about development and promotion of male contraceptives. It explains how women had to face medical conditions such as mental health, anxiety and depression using the contraceptives, due to which their position in the society is exploited. Theorist have been concerned about the impact of social inequality on women’s health and dual role of women. 1. Interactionism The founder of interactionism was Max Weber. Interpretivist describe that the society and the social structure are seen as the creation of individuals. Unlike functionalists, they see individuals of the society as actors not as puppets. The individuals have free will and are able to make choices of their own. Unlike in the functionalism, the power come from bottom to up. They believe that the people’s choices or decisions are influenced by how they make sense of social situations. For instance, marriage means different things to different person; an individual whose parents are divorced might have negative definition of marriage, whereas the individual who have grown up in a good family might have positive definition of marriage. The Interpretivist suggests that people make impression on how you perceive symbols, they make impression on what you wear. For instance, people will make assumption that you are smart, just because you wear glasses. These theorists are concerned with the small or micro scale situations rather than the systems, they focus on the individuals in social interaction situations. Interpretivist believe that our identity is based on how we see ourselves or how other sees us. For instance, if a student in the school is praised and us labelled as smart, then he/she might do better his/her studies as this helps to boost their self-esteem. We get influenced by media, friends and family about how we see ourselves. According to Browne labelling refers to â€Å"defining a person or a group in a certain way-as a particular ‘type‘ of person or a group†. According to Interpretivist people are attached to the labelled and it can actually damage some group of people such as disabled people. The person labelled behaves in the same way expected and they have fulfilled the prophecy and lived up to the label. Interactionist believe that health and illness are the product of social construction that affects people’s wellbeing. They believe that disease is socially constructed†. Disease does not exist as a social phenomenon until it is somehow perceived as existing† (Rosenberg 1989). This approach focuses on negotiation between the patients and medical practitioners. For instance, a female patient would feel comfortable to talk to female doctor about her reproductive health rather than a male doctor. They are concerned with labelling and self-image and social interaction differences affected by class, ethnicity and age. Symbolic interactionism is critical of Marxists and Functionalists as Interpretivist look individual as subjective through doctor and patient exchange. The argument here is that illness is a social diagnosis among actors rather than just a matter of physiological malfunction. 1. Postmodernism Postmodernism is an approach in sociology as well as in other subjects, which believes that society is changing rapidly and continuously, which is marked as an uncertainty and the social structure are being replaced by whole range of different and constantly changing social relationships. This theory believes that modern society was developed at around 1750s and has been replaced by the end of 20th century due to massive social change. The Functionalists and the Marxism perspective might be interested in modernity as they thought that if properly understood, societies could be improved. But the postmodernists argue that there is no longer a place in sociology for these type of theory. This theory suggests that the postmodern society has no progress, predictability (norms that people would predict to behave), order and continuity, due to which insecurities and anxiety has been developed in people living in postmodern society as people do not know how to behave and what is expected from others. Order, predictability and continuity are essential as it gives us routine and reassurance that provides us safety and security. Society has changed as it has gone through different industrial revolution or industrialisation, technological advances, urbanisation and secularisation. Industrialisation is the process of going from agricultural economy to heavy industrial/manufacturing economy. Secularisation is the decline of belief in religion due to rise of science whereas urbanisation means movement of people from rural areas to towns and cities. Postmodernists suggests that modern society no longer exists and we live in a postmodern era or in post modernity, where the society is media saturated. Due to the revolution of technology, globalisation has occurred where the world has become a smaller place to live in. The mass media has dominated our lives to the extent that we confuse media images with reality. This theory concludes that people in the postmodern society can have their own form of identities, how they want to see themselves or how they want to define themselves. There is diversity, choices and ‘pick and mix’ culture in this society. There is no imposition on people on how to behave and there is flexibility in the work. Due to fluidity and flexibility in the postmodern society, people might feel insecure and unsafe. 1. Collectivists and New Rights Collectivists Collectivists believes that their goal are more important than the individual goals because they believe that society as a whole has more importance than the individual alone. This theory focuses on the importance of the society and community and gives priority to the group goals than the individual goals. This approach aims to address the inequalities in the society due to different levels of wealth and status in the society. With an aim to sort out the inequalities, welfare state was established to get rid of five giant evils; want (poverty), idleness (unemployment), squalor (poor quality housing) and ignorance (underachievement). Services were made free after these giant evils were identified. To eradicate disease existing in the society, NHS service was established in 1948 to make sure that the people lived healthy life. The basic principle of collectivism is to provide people with education, health and social services for the individuals in the society who cannot afford it through taxes then access on the basis of rights as opposed to the ability to pay. These helped to provide foundation for the Welfare State which is based on the collectivists principle ‘cradle to grave’ or child to old age pension. This approach was adopted by The Labour Party who represented workers which aimed for the redistribution of wealth through taxes. In this policy, the government would cut off taxes from the wealthy people and share it with the poor (shares some ideas with Marxists). Collectivists believes that we have equal rights and the government should administer responsibility for Welfare State. The New Rights criticises the Collectivism as it creates the dependency culture. They point out that people become irresponsible, lazy and don not work as benefits are demotivating for the people. New rights The New Right was popular during 1980s. They are the political movement with a considerable cultural influence that looks at individualism and distrust of the state as controlling and interfering in what is essentially the private world of the individual. They proposed to cut the public spending and cut taxes. They wanted the rich people to have more money to spend money as they choose. The New rights was critical of Collectivists stating that the rising costs to government of the welfare state were preventing the economic growth and the individuals were becoming dependant on the welfare state. The New Rights were critical of public services owned/controlled by the government and they preferred pro private services e.g. education and health care. The New Right is argued to favour ‘the rich’, but they believe that everybody in the society has equal opportunity, so anyone can become rich. E.g. Alan Sugar. They believe that people must be responsible for their own and their family’s welfare and they should not be dependent on the government. The New Rights are completely opposite to Collectivism. The most radical New Rights would abolish the Welfare State. g) Bio-medical and social models Bio medical Model Biomedical model focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness. The doctors or the health care professionals are associated with the care and treatment of diseases in this model of health. The bio medical model accept a ‘negative’ definition of health. The negative definition of health explains that the individual believes that they have good state of health and wellbeing because they have absence of physical illness, disease, injury, mental stress, free from pain and discomfort. The bio medical model of is dominant model in our society since it is based on objectivity thus this model has influenced or convinced people in the society. This model emphasises on diagnosis and treatment of the individuals separately from their living condition, due to which this model is not holistic approach. The reasons for illness are not at the centre of biomedical model. This model believes that health is a biological normality and describe that having ill health is deviant. This model believes that the disease is caused by identical factors such as germs, genes and accidents. They can be identified by having examination tests like blood, urine, saliva test, X-ray and MRI. They accept that the professionals diagnose disease then treatment is identified and cure is offered to the patient. The professionals views the human body as a machine and see things very clinically and do not really take consideration to people’s feeling. They often promote the view that disease or illness is temporary. This model indicates that we all have equal chance of getting ill and some people get ill due to weak health, whereas some people get ill due to factors such as weak sanitation. It assumes that medical treatment has had the most important impact on improving the health of individual. For instance, the NHS helps in the prolonged and preserves life, but this can be argued as health of an individual had already started to get better due to access to clean water, exercise and diet. The strength of bio medical model of health is that it is based on scientific knowledge and research and has provided many effective treatments for disease and physical condition. The bio medical model of health has be successful to provide many effective cure and treatments for disease throughout the history of humankind. The weakness of biomedical model of health is that the treatments can be expensive and require training or expertise to deliver and this model focuses on the individual and pays insufficient attention to environmental and social factors, which is not a holistic approach. Social Model The social model accepts the positive definition of health. The positive definition of health can be described as the achievement and maintenance of physical fitness and mental stability. This model believes that health is a relative concept and a social construct. For instance, being voluptuous centuries ago was a sign of good health, but today’s day it is regarded as health issue or overweight. This model claims that ill health is caused due to social factors (including environmental factors). For instance people can get ill because of the unhealthy diet they are consuming, poor living condition or pollution. This model is critical of ‘modern’ medicine, which are elements of biomedical model. E.g. Iatrogenisis medicine caused deformity in the baby consumed by pregnant mother eaten for nausea sickness. It argues with the biomedical model saying that illness is not randomly distributed and are critical of the assumption that medical treatments has had the most important impact on improving health. Social model can explain why population level health improvements were achieved when social conditions improved late 19th/early 20th centuries due to the improvement of sanitation and supply of clean water the health of population improved, and argues it was not because free health services was delivered to the people. The strengths of social model of health is that it focuses population health and takes a broad range of factors into account and it is widely used and understood by health care practitioners in developed countries. This model offers board and flexible and inclusive way of understanding health and illness. Whereas the weakness of this model is they do not have a clear way of identifying or classifying health problems and this model cannot explain illness or many mental health problems where there are no physical signs or symptoms, which can be distressing. The social model cannot be used to address an individual’s health problems, especially where emergency care is needed. How to cite Explain the principal social perspective, Papers

Over Population Essays - Demography, Human Geography, World

Over Population During the first 2 million or so years of its history the human population was a minor element in the world ecosystem, with at most 10 million members. In the New Stone Age, less than 10,000 years ago, the number of humans began to increase more rapidly. The rough equilibrium maintained before Neolithic times gave way when the human population developed agriculture and animal husbandry and no longer had to spread out in search of game. With the abandonment of a hunting-gathering way of life and the rise of permanent settlements and eventually cities, the human population underwent dramatic growth. By the beginning of the Christian era it had reached 250 million, and by 1650, half a billion. Growth of population during 20th century was very rapid. In 1994 the total world population was estimated at about 5.6 billion people. It increased nearly by 4 billions of people during past 100 years. The most significant world trend is that death rates are currently falling in poor and rich countries alike, while birthrates remain high in most poor countries and low in most rich ones. Exceptions are the generally higher death rates of Africa and the high birthrates of the rich oil-producing countries. The most populous countries, in descending order, are China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, and Russia. The U.S. population totaled about 260.8 million in 1994. In the 1990s about 4.1 million children were born annually in the United States, and more than 2.1 million persons died yearly. The greater number of births is due in part to a fertility rate that has increased by nearly 20 percent since the mid-1980s. International immigration, both legal and illegal, is another major element in U.S. population growth. Legal immigration has recently amounted to about 1 million per year; illegal immigration is thought to be several hundred thousand. In China, the world's most populous country, the 1994 population was estimated at nearly 1.2 billion, more than double the 1953 census population of 584 million in mainland China. China's annual increase has been estimated at 1.1 percent annually. India's population of more than 911.6 million people (1994 est.) is increasing faster t han that of China, and if present trends continue, it will soon catch up with or surpass China. Since the disintegration of the USSR, Indonesia and Brazil are now the fourth and fifth most populous countries, with 1994 estimated populations of 199.7 million and 155.3 million, respectively. Sixth-ranked Russia has about 147.8 million people (1994 est.). It has a negative natural increase rate of - 0.2 percent, comparable to the low or negative rates found throughout Europe. The arithmetic is simple. Our oceans can supply a limited amount of fish. Farm production is limited by the amount of available land. Once human demand for food, energy, and other materials exceeds sustainable levels, further increase in our population will mean that we each will get less and less and less. Today I will tell you about the most populated country in the world, China. Chinese population exceeds 1.1 billion people. 13% of people in China live in 52 major cities. City streets are often overcrowded with people, bicycles, cars, buses and other types of transportation. Most Chinese people live in the countryside. They plant rice and other crops, catch fish, and do many other jobs. Although there many people who live in the countryside, but work in cities. Chinese are very hard and good working people. Like you can see from the last paragraph, China is off to a good start, but its fast-growing population can stop China from achieving a high standard of living. China remains one of the worlds poorest nations despite its enormous gains in industry and agriculture since 1950. To control rapid population growth, the government launched a massive campaign the mid-seventies to encourage young people to marry late and to have few children. In 1980's, the government called for a target family size of three, and introduced many laws to limit number of children to one, in special circumstances, two. These measures helped to slow population growth dramatically. Nonetheless, China continues to h ave about 18 millions more new mouths to feed each year - a heave drain